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} Vietnamese (tiếng Việt, or even less normally Việt ngữ), at one time called Annamite (understand Annam), is the national and official language of Vietnam. These are a mother tongue of the Vietnamese people (ngư�i Việt or ngư�i Kinh), world health organization be between 88% & 90% of Vietnam's population and of about three million overseas Vietnamese, including more than the million individuals of Vietnamese heritage in the United States. These are as well spoken as a 2nd language by occasionally ethnic minorities of Vietnam. These are section of the Austroasiatic language family, of which it has a virtually all speakers by the important margin (3 to 4 days the total of speakers of Khmer, the 2nd virtually all spoken Austroasiatic language). But, it contains good deal vocabulary borrowed from either Chinese and was originally written using the Chinese writing system. A predominant Vietnamese writing system in use today is an altered version of the Latin alphabet, though the Chu Nom system, based on Chinese characters, was too erst listed.
Classification Vietnamese is usually said to become a share of the Viet-Muong (or Vietic) grouping of the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic language family, a personal that besides includes Khmer, spoken in Cambodia, when well as various tribal & regional languages, such as a Munda languages, spoken in northeastern India, and others within southern China. More linguists think that Viet-Muong occurs as language isolate.
History A Vietnamese language has similarities by using Cantonese inside regards to the specific intonations and unreleased plosive consonant endings, the bequest of archaic Chinese that can besides exist as obtained in Korean. A ascendant of a Vietnamese language was originally depending around a Red Flow of any stream within what is okay, northern Vietnam, & when you took the subsequent expansion of the Vietnamese language & humans into what is okay, central & southern Vietnam (across conquest of the ancient united states of Champa and the Khmer people of the Mekong delta in the vicinity of present-contemporary Saigon/Ho Chi Minh City), Vietnamese was linguistically influenced primarily by Indic and Malayo-Polynesian languages ab initio, until Chinese come to predominate politically toward a middle of the 1st millennium C.E. Sustaining a rise of Chinese political dominance come radical importation of Chinese vocabulary & grammatical influence. When Chinese wwhen, for a prolonged time, a just medium of literature & government, also as a primary language of the ruling class inside Vietnam, tremendously of the Vietnamese lexicon all told realms consists of Hán Việt (Sino-Vietnamese) words. when a matter of fact, as a vernacular language of Vietnam bit by bit grew within prestigiousness toward a beginning of a 2nd millennium, the Vietnamese language was written utilizing Chinese characters (see Chu Nom) adapted to write Vietnamese, around the similar pattern every bit utilized in Japan (look at kanji), Korea and more countries in the Chinese ethnic sphere. A Nôm writing reached its zenith within the 18th century whenever several Vietnamese writers & poets composed their works in Chữ Nôm, virtually all notably Nguyễn Du and Hồ Xuân Hương (dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). When email by owning a West grew, a Quốc Ngữ system of Romanized writing was developed in the 17th century by Portuguese and other Europeans involved in proselytizing and trade in Vietnam. While France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Chinese as a official language inside education & government. Vietnamese adopted numerous French terms, like đầm (dame, from either madame), ga (railroad terminal, from either gare), & va-li (valise). Additionally, numerous Sino-Vietnamese terms were devised for American ideas imported through the French. Notwithstanding, a Romanized script did non are to predominate until a beginning of the 20th century, after education became far flung & a simpler orthography was observed other expedient for teaching & communication by using the general people.
Geographic distribution Based on data from a Ethnologue, Vietnamese is also spoken around Australia, Cambodia, Canada, China, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Laos, Martinique, Netherlands, New Caledonia, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Senegal, Thailand, United Kingdom, and Vanuatu.
Official status Ordered by: Hanoi Institute of Social Sciences (pending)
Dialects ! align="center" | Modern name ! align="center" | Neighborhood name ! align="center" | Old name |- | Northern Vietnamese | Hanoi dialect | Tonkinese |- | Central Vietnamese | Huế dialect | High Annamese |- | Southern Vietnamese | Saigon dialect | Cochinchinese |} These accent differ slightly within tone & pronunciation, although a Huế accent is extra markedly different from either a others due to its local vocabulary. A h�i & ngã tones come distinct to the north however stand merged to the south.
Sounds
Vowels Such as more sou'-east Asian languages, Vietnamese has the relatively heavy total of vowels (nguyên âm) (English also has the big vowel inventory). In the image below occurs as vowel chart of the Hanowe kind (i.e., more regions of Viet Nam might keep around different vowel inventories). |- ! ! align="center" | Front ! align="center" | Central ! align="center" | Back |- ! align="left" | High | align="center" | i | align="center" | ư | align="center" | u |- ! align="left" | Mid-High | align="center" | ê | | align="center" | ô |- ! align="left" | Mid-Low | align="center" | e | align="center" | ơ / â | align="center" | o |- ! align="left" | Low | | align="center" | the / ă | |} 100% vowels come unrounded except for u, ô, & o. Vowels â & ă come pronounced super short, good deal shorter than a more vowels. So, ơ & â come au fond pronounced a equivalent except that ơ is yearn when â is short — the equivalent applies to the moo vowels a (hanker) & ă (short). Outside Hanoi, u, ô, o can be back fat . A correspondence between a writing system & pronunciation is like complicated. E.g., a vowel i personally is likewise typically written when y; two can represent [j], where pack the difference is in the quality of the retiring vowel. For example, tai "ear" is . Additionally to individual vowels (or even monophthongs), Vietnamese has diphthongs (âm đôi). 3 diphthongs consist of the vowel + â. Which are actually iâ (spelled iowa or even iê), uâ (spelled ua or even uô), & ưâ (spelled ưa or even ươ). the more diphthongs consist of a vowel + glide. There are deuce one semivowels: y and w. Vietnamese has several diphthongs of this nature and severity. What is more, these glide could likewise watch a 1st 3 diphthongs (iâ, uâ, ưâ ) following inside triphthongs.
Tones Vietnamese vowels come everthing pronounced by having an inherent tone (thanh or thanh điệu). Tones differ inside:
Tone is indicated by diacritical mark written above or even beneath a vowel (virtually all of a tone diacritical mark come out above a vowel, still, the nặng tone dot diacritical mark goes in a image below the vowel). A sise tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi) come:
|-
! align="center" | Name
! align="center" | Description
! align="center" | Diacritic
! align="center" | Example
! align="center" | ASCII notation
|-
| ngang 'level'
| high level
| align="center" | (there is no mark)
| ma 'ghost'
| align="center" |
|-
| huyá»?n 'hanging'
| moo falling
| align="center" | `
| mà 'however'
| align="center" | `
|-
| sắc 'sharp'
| high rising
| align="center" | ´
| má 'cheek, mother (southern)'
| align="center" | /
|-
| ngã 'tumbling'
| creaking-rising
| align="center" | ˜
| mã 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code'
| align="center" | ~
|-
| há»?i 'request'
| dipping-rising
| align="center" | Ì›
| mả 'grave, grave'
| align="center" | ?
|-
| nặng 'large'
| constricted
| align="center" | ̣
| mạ 'rice seedling'
| align="center" | .
|}
Consonants
A consonants (phụ âm) of the Hanoi kind come utilized inside the image below in writing system.
Note that a bit of consonant sounds come written sustaining sole 1 letter (such as a voiceless bilabial prevent - p), more consonant sounds come written by having a 2-letter digram (rather the aspirated alveolar prevent - th), & others come written sustaining other than of these letter or even digram (prefer a palatine prevent - ch or even tr).
|-
| colspan="2"|
! align="center"| Bilabial
A consonants of the Ho Chi Minh City kind come slightly different from either Hanoi (& more northern regions). E.g., tr & ch represent a equivalent healthy around the Hanoi kind, however in Ho Chi Minh City (& more central & southern regions) tr & ch represent different consonant sounds.
|-
| colspan="2"|
! align="center"| Bilabial
Grammar
Vietnamese, such as several languages within Southeast Asia & Chinese, is an analytic (or isolating) language. In and of itself its grammar extremely relies in word order and sentence structure like than morphology (word changes through inflection). When virtually all European languages would apply morphology to express tense Vietnamese uses grammatical particles or syntactic constructions.
Vietnamese is typically mistakenly considered to become the "monosyllabic" language. These come admittedly that Vietnamese has several words that consist of l1 one syllable; notwithstanding, virtually all words are indeed bi-syllabic. This is largely because of the numbers of reduplication words that appear inside domestic vocabulary, or even adjectives.
Vietnamese syntax conforms to the Subject Verb Object word order.
Tense
Past tense is indicated by adding a particle đã, present progressive tense tense per particle đang, & first tense is indicated per particle sẽ.
Topic comment structure
A topic-comment structure is an crucial phrase nature and severity around Vietnamese. So Vietnamese has typically been claimed to become the topic-prominent language (Thompson 1991). For instance a phrase "tôi đ�c sách nà y rồi" may be transformed into a ensuing topic large same.
Plural
Classifiers
Pronouns
may be translated when:
A usual title come kinship terms, which can differ slightly inside different regions. Virtually all of a babies from either Chinese loan, however keep close at hand acquired a extra grammatical work of existence pronouns across the years.
Whilst addressing an audience, a speaker must carefully assess a social relationship between him/her & a audience, difference around age, & sex of the audience to select an appropriate title of respect. A below come occasionally kinship terms of location that may be utilized in the 2nd-individual feel (wise shoppers). It whole can besides exist as utilized in the 1st-individual feel (I), however in case it're non marked by (S) a usage is limited to the literal meaning:
More pronouns inside apply largely conform to the European idea of grammatical individual. A few come potentially gender-neutral & relationship-neutral:
Reduplication
Reduplication (từ láy) is found extravagantly within Vietnamese. It is formed by repeating a section of the word to form freshly words, altering the meaning of the original word. Its result is to every now & agawithwithin either increase or even decrease a intensity of the adjective, & is typically utilized when a literary device (rather initial rhyme) in poetry and more compositions, too as in everyday speech.
Examples of reduplication increasing intensity:
Examples of reduplication decreasing intensity:
Reduplication of this nature and severity, indicating wasted intensity, is too present inside Mandarin Chinese.
The nature and severity of assimilation known as tonal harmony is involved inside Vietnamese reduplication.
Vocabulary
Writing system
Presently, a written language utilizes a Vietnamese alphabet (quốc ngữ or "national script," literally "national language," from either Chinese 國語 / guoyu), based on a Latin alphabet. Originally the Romanization of Vietnamese, it was codified in the 17th century by a French Jesuit missionary named Alexandre de Rhodes (1591-1660), based on works of earliest Portuguese missionaries (Gaspar delaware Amaral and Antoine de Barbosa). A have of a script was step by step extended from either its initial domawithin in Christian writing to get other popular among the general public. Under French compound rule, the script became official & compulsory for completely public documents inside 1910 by issue of a order per French Résident Supérieur of the associated state of Tonkin. Per late 20th century most writings were knock off quốc ngữ.
Changes in the script were manufactured by French scholars & administrators, & by conferences held fallowing independence when you took 1954-1974. the script currently reflects a therefore-alleged Middle Vietnamese accent which has vowels & final consonants virtually all similar to northern accent & initial consonants virtually all similar to southern idiom. (Nguyá»…n 1996). This Middle Vietnamese is presumptively roughly a Hanoi kind every bit spoken erstwhile fallowing 1600 however prior to a present.
Before French rule, the number one 2 Vietnamese orthography were according to Chinese script:
A authentic Chinese writing, chữ nho, was within other green usage, whereas chữ nôm was utilized by members of the enlightened elite group (1 needs to exist as a cappella to see chữ nho sequentially to page through chữ nôm). Each scripts stand fallen away from most common usage around modern Vietnam, and chữ nôm is touching-extinct.
Computer support
In which ASCII must be utilized, Vietnamese letters come typically typed using the VIQR convention.
There are several software program informatiin that facilitate nature and severity avowedly Vietnamese text in Usa keyboards like [http://winvnkey.sf.net WinVNKey] in Windows, [http://macvnkey.sf.net MacVNKey] on Macintosh, etc.
Examples
Original Chu Nom version
Watch as well: [http://www.vietthings.com/tho/thovanco/kieu1.htm The first 224 lines (in Vietnamese)] (to understand a next lines: thrust in câu 225 - 416 etc.)
(Literal) English translation | |
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VACETS English-Vietnamese Technical Terms Dictionary Project. KSVN English-Vietnamese Dictionary Online translator for a single word. English-Vietnamese Vocabulary of Dogmatic Theology Online version of the book translated by The Vietnamese Priests and Seminarians in Taiwan. Free English-Vietnamese-French Dictionary English-Vietnamese, Vietnamese-English, French-Vietnamese and Vietnamese-French dictionaries, with English pronunciation dictionary. |
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